Taekwondo Equipment And Uniform You Might Need If you are new to taekwondo, there are a few things that you must have before beginning your classes. One of the things that you will need is a Dobok. This is a uniform that consists of pants and a top. These two pieces of your uniform should be loose and comfortable. This is because during the training sessions, your skin will need to breath. The Dobok's material will allow your skin to breath and will prevent you from overheating.   Sparring equipment and shoes are also necessary. Since not all training will take place indoors, you will need to have a pair of shoes with you. In addition, if your instructor decides that training will be done indoors, the flooring may give you blisters or if you have a problem with the soles of your feet, you might need to put on shoes. The sparring equipment is meant to provide protection for your body when you are training. For example during training, a turning kick on your opponents can kill them. Foot guards are especially recommended for sparring.                                Training Tips To Protect You From Injury Not only is taekwondo a method of self defense and a sport, but it is also a way of training the body and maintaining overall health. There are a few basic things however that you have to know in order to keep you going during your training and to prevent you from injury. 1. The first thing that you should do before and after every training session is to stretch. Stretching helps you to kick higher and also to have better control of your movements. There are three kinds of stretches: dynamic, relaxed and isometric. These three stretches will be discussed in another chapter of the eBook.                                 2. Warm up before training is also another part of your training routine that is crucial. Warm ups help you to warm up the muscles and open up the joints in your body; making you more flexible. Tearing your hamstrings when doing an axe kick simply because you did not do a warm up is something that you would not want to experience. Cardio movements are very good for warm ups because they increase the heart rate. In addition, they help move the joints and opening them up. PREVIOUS PAGE  |  NEXT PAGE

The Difference between WTF and ITF These are two different styles of the same type of martial art. The two styles have a few listed similarities but to the trained eye, there are major differences. WTF has a set of patterns that is different from that of ITF. Competitors in WTF are allowed to wear protective gear during sparring. One is not allowed to punch the head and should only punch the body. Moreover, it involves a lot of kicking as compared to ITF.   ITF is relatively an older technique than WTF and it is somewhat similar to karate. It allows competitors to use their hands to attack the body and the face. Competitors who have specialized in this training are able to use their hands and feet effectively. Body shields are not allowed in this form of taekwondo and competitors rarely use their feet on their opponent's faces. The curriculum for ITF teaches the use of a variety of weapons, sparring, board breaking, etc. It also includes some Chinese martial arts techniques and the use of balance for the hands and the feet.   WTF is basically what you see in the Olympics. They do not involve the use of weapon training and they mostly use their feet. The hands are also used but rarely. This technique also incorporates board breaking just like ITF.                                  General Overview Of A Taekwondo Class If you are a beginner, this is just an example of what you should expect to happen in a taekwondo class and it is not necessarily how it will work. However, it will help to give you a brief idea. The students will line up to form a grid. Students with the highest ranking belts will arrange themselves from the right corner of the grid in order. Stand in front of the class the instructor and the students will bow to the taekwondo flag, following which the class will then bow to the instructor.        2. The class will begin with a basic warm up led by the instructor. Dynamic and static stretching as well as cardio will be involved.        3. Once the warm up session is over, the students will then go into fundamental practice which basically involves hand and kicking techniques.        4. Patterns will then follow the fundamental practice session. Students are only allowed to perform patterns that within their belt level.        5. The next step will be to work on target kicking. This part mainly focuses on accuracy, speed and coordination. This is a very crucial part of taekwondo being that the art involves a lot of kicking.        6. The last part of the class involves step or free sparring. For attack or defense, the students will learn step sparring while free sparing is mostly for friendly fights among the competitors. During the lessons, protective gear will also be utilized.        7. Finally after all the six sessions have been completed, the class will bow out to the instructor and to the taekwondo flag.   Note that most students spend about two to three days at the gym training while others may train almost every day. Remember that you will not be able to realize progress if you do not practice. PREVIOUS PAGE  |   NEXT PAGE

Introduction To Taekwondo Taekwondo is a popular form of martial arts that is known mostly for its kicking techniques. The word "taekwondo" simply means "way of the fist and foot". There are two categories of taekwondo: ITF (International Taekwondo Federation) and WTF (World Taekwondo Federation). Since it is a form of self defense, it is suitable for people of all ages, gender and body types. It helps to improve one's strength, discipline and flexibility. Remember that when you enroll for taekwondo classes, it is not all about being serious and fighting, it also gives you the opportunity to meet new people along the way.                                 A Brief History of Taekwondo Even though it was discovered in 1966, it dates back more than 2000 years ago. The original founder of this form of martial arts was General Choi Hong Hi also known as the father of taekwondo. It is believed to have originated in Seoul, South Korea. General Choi Hong Hi was in the army in his early years where he trained in shotokan and taekkyeon karate. He later on combined the two forms of martial arts and came up with Taekwondo. Sadly, the General passed away in 2002, leaving behind a legend. NEXT PAGE

1.The rear naked choke This is whereby the attacker comes from behind you and slips his arm around your neck, and with the other arm presses the back of your head thus applying pressure to your neck. This kind of choke only gives you a few seconds to react to it before your attacker can ease into it and choke you to death. The first thing that taekwondo teaches you to defend yourself against the rear naked choke is to stop the attackers arm before it goes all the way around your neck. However, chances are you will not have enough time to react because you will likely not see his arm going for your neck. Therefore, the best way to defend yourself is to deal with his other hand which is applying pressure to the back of your head. With your hand, you will reach up behind the head and try to pry his arm off your head by grabbing his fingers and pulling his arm down. His body will begin turning and you will be able to use your other hand to double the pressure on his hand. His shoulder will not be able to resist the pressure of both your hands. Use this opportunity to move up with the bicep and pull him down to the ground. You will now be in a dominant position and have a chance to escape.                                 2.The front choke An attacker may decide to wrap his fingers around your neck and try to choke you. In taekwondo, the best self defense technique would be to thrust your hands up from in-between his arms to free yourself. Follow this up by grabbing his shoulders and driving your knee up his groin. The good thing with the front choke hold is that the attacker's vital parts are exposed. That is, the eyes, throat, face, groin, toes, etc. You can use this to your advantage by straining these parts with your fist or leg as hard as you can.   3.The back choke An attacker may decide to use his fingers to choke you from behind. The first thing that you should do is to forcefully rip his fingers from your neck. The aim is to break his fingers. Take a step forward and deliver a back kick to his solar plexus or to his groin. This kick resembles a donkey kicking back.   How Effective Is Taekwondo For Self-Defence? Many martial arts experts believe that taekwondo is the least effective when it comes to self-defence. However, one thing that people forget is that the art originated in Korea where the military soldiers used it as a form of self-defence. The demonstrations seen in the Olympics don't really demonstrate the origins of the art. The following techniques justify why taekwondo is a good form of self-defence against attackers:                                  1.The linear technique This is a technique that consists of mainly head butts, kicks, punches, etc which can be used if your attacker comes out of nowhere. If learnt properly, a blow to the head with a single kick can momentarily incapacitate your attacker and give you time to get away.   2.The circular technique This is a good self defense technique especially for women in the event that their attacker is stronger than they are. It mainly focuses on intercepting or redirecting the attacker's force against them.  PREVIOUS PAGE  |  NEXT PAGE

Introduction To Taekwondo Self-Defence Techniques Hosinul is another name for taekwondo self-defence and is part of the four principles of the art. The practitioners of taekwondo always seem like they are defying gravity when they perform the flying kicks and jumps. The self defense techniques usually incorporate moves from a variety of other martial arts such as Aikido, Kung-Fu, Karate, Judo, etc. In taekwondo, kicks are only effective when delivered from a distance. However, there are many tactics that taekwondo employs for close range attacks. The following are some of the self-defence taekwondo techniques:   Self-Defence against Grabs 1.The rear grab This is when your attacker grabs you from behind. The simplest way to defend yourself is by delivering powerful back elbow punches to your attacker's face to momentarily disarm him. Follow the elbow punches with a quick grab of his knee and pull on it as hard as you can to destabilize him. As you tackle him to the ground with the knee grab, ensure that the leg you grab is tightly cradled in between your legs. Tag on his ankle and lower leg with both your hands as hard as you can. This technique is known as the rolling knee bar. The advantage to this technique is not in the grab of the knee but it is in the leverage that you gain. You hips will act as a fulcrum while his knee will act as a lever. This will give you the ability to multiply any force that you apply. With enough force, you can easily destroy his knee joint.   2.The wrist grab When an attacker grabs you by the wrist in an attempt to drag you somewhere, or hold you steady while they punch your face, the best self defense mechanism is the wrist-grab release. In this technique, the aim is to find the weakest area in his grip; usually between the thumb and the forefinger. In a basic wrist grab, you should rotate your arm in the direction where the thumb and the fore finger meet. With as much force as possible, apply pressure and pull away from the grip. Follow this move with a powerful punch to the throat or to the nose. If it is a cross grab, that is, the attacker grabs your opposite arm, you should apply the same principle as the basic grab. Rotate your arm towards where his thumb and fore finger meet and with as much force as possible, pull your wrist away from the grip and follow up with a strike to his nose or throat with a powerful punch.   3.The shirt grab If your attacker grabs your shirt with his left hand, you can use your right hand to take control. With your hand over the attacker's thumb on his left hand, grab his palm and rotate his wrist clockwise so as to bring it to a wrist lock. While still in control of the situation, quickly deliver powerful elbow strikes to the right side of his head with your other hand.                                  Self-Defence against Kicks 1.The side kick There are many numbers of Hapkido defense techniques that you can use to defend yourself from a side kick. Only two of them will be discussed here. When the attacker comes at you with a side kick from his left foot, there are many ways that you can defend yourself. The first technique is to check his foot with your right hand and follow it up by executing a round house with your shin bone right to the attacker's leg.This is a very short and effective technique that will destabilize your opponent. The other option is to perform the same kind of hand check as the first technique only this time you will deliver a kick to the side of your attacker's knee. You can follow it up with a kick to the head just to lengthen your window of opportunity to escape from your attacker. Remember that when your attacker throws a kick at you, side step it to prevent the attacker's foot from making impact with your body.                                 2.The back kick The Aikido technique is one effective technique that can help you to protect yourself from the Aikido technique is one effective technique that can help you to protect yourself from the back kick. It is very simple and very effective. It especially helps you to deal with the spinning back kick. Note that there are different types of kicks such as the spinning crescent kick, the spinning heel kicks, etc. The important thing to note is that your attacker will need to get a momentum in his foot in order to execute either of the kicks. The attacker will probably throw a strike at you in order to make you counter. He will then proceed to spin and set you up for the back kick. The trick is to look at his body movements. When he wants to execute his kick, his hips will start to shift. At this point, you will have to quickly move and stand right by him so that when he comes in for his kick his back will be facing you. You will then have a great advantage over him and you can use your hand to strike him on the neck or on the face.                                 3.The round house kick One way you can defend yourself from the round house kick is by taking control of your opponent's leg with a forearm block. This will give you the opportunity to turn his hip into a pivot point. Two forces are usually imparted by the pivot point: the arm above and the leg sweep below. When these two forces are combined, you will be able to rotate your opponent. The rotation is bound to slam him right to the deck and may cause permanent injury.                               PREVIOUS PAGE  |  NEXT PAGE

1. Integrity Taekwondo teaches students the five tenets which are essential for our day to day lives. It teaches its students integrity by encouraging them to make the right decisions. It teaches them that they should help other people that are in need. When this is carried on to the outside world, the students significantly improve their personality. When you practice taekwondo, your body image improves and you build on your self esteem by taking on each challenge as presented to you. This newly acquired self esteem helps you to build on your relationships and guides you effectively on how to tackle the challenges that come with relationships.   What Are Some Of The Disadvantages Of Taekwondo? Every type of martial art has its advantages as well as disadvantages. It is up to the student to weight the advantages of taekwondo in order to determine if it is the right kind of martial art for them to sign up for. The following are some of the disadvantages of taekwondo:   There may be injuries For any activity where physical exercises are involved, injuries are likely to occur. Some of the techniques that are involved in taekwondo training may subject the practitioners to injury. These include falling, board breaking, etc. However, in order to prevent injuries, the instructors guide the students appropriately by advising them on how to properly execute the techniques for these activities.   It takes longer to master In order to earn a black belt, the student must go through rigorous training and advance from one level to the next. This might take some time since the student has to master the techniques at each level to perfection. They have to learn accuracy, speed, balance, power and flexibility at every stage. A lot of people may become frustrated at some point. However, earning a black belt requires endurance and persistence which makes the position more valuable.   2. Improves self-discipline Taekwondo is an art that encourages self discipline. Students are taught how to take care of their bodies by banning them from smoking and drinking or indulging in other vices that can potentially harm the body. The classes also teach their students about keeping time and attending training. These are all things that require practitioners to have self discipline. In addition, the art teaches their students to be respectful of their elders, be loyal to their friends and family and respect their brothers and sisters. This helps to build a stronger bond with people in the society. Self control is also another aspect that students can learn from taekwondo. The fighting techniques learnt from the art are usually composed of controlled moves which are meant to cause no harm to the opponent's during training. In the real world, the student will be able to walk away from a verbal argument before it becomes a full blown physical fight.   3. It helps you to build self esteem and confidence Taekwondo teaches students the five tenets which are essential for When you practice taekwondo, your body image improves and you build on your self esteem by taking on each challenge as presented to you. This newly acquired self esteem helps you to build on your relationships and guides you effectively on how to tackle the challenges that come with relationships when you practice taekwondo, your body image improves and you build on your self esteem by taking on each challenge as presented to you. This newly acquired self esteem helps you to build on your relationships and guides you effectively on how to tackle the challenges that come with relationships. What Are Some Of The Disadvantages Of Taekwondo? Every type of martial art has its advantages as well as disadvantages. It is up to the student to weight the advantages of taekwondo in order to determine if it is the right kind of martial art for them to sign up for. The following are some of the disadvantages of taekwondo:   4. It is not good for self-defence Many people argue that taekwondo is not a good way to defend you from attackers because it mainly focuses on kicks and few hand techniques. This makes it hard to protect yourself from close range attacks. Even though this may be true, taekwondo still teaches its students how to identify vital points on the attacker's body and helps them to defend themselves even better. Taekwondo is a modern form of martial arts and is known for its effective and high speed kicking techniques. The good thing with this form of martial arts is that it does not have any limits. A person of any age, gender or race can participate in it. In order to experience the best out of the art, it is important to follow all safety instructions. This is why students are advised to visit a physician before they can sign up for the classes. PREVIOUS PAGE  |  NEXT PAGE

It is very exciting to watch taekwondo as the competitors can become very competitive. Taekwondo may be an aggressive sport but it is not deadly and the moves are not meant to harm the participants. In fact, the Muay Thai fights are considered to be more dangerous than taekwondo. The competitions are different for children when compared with those for adults. Children are not allowed to deliver kicks to the head while adults are allowed. Most of the students practice the art mostly for competitions and not to attack other people. Full protective gear is a must during competitions. The stylists also need to have attained a certain level of experience in order to take part in the competitions. Furthermore, they are paired according to their level of skill. For instance, a black belt cannot be paired with a white belt. Taekwondo has a lot of importance in our everyday lives. This is because it has been linked to a number of health benefits that are not only physical but also psychological. Practitioners of taekwondo claim that their standards of life have dramatically improved ever since they started practicing the art. Their overall mental health and social well being has also improved. The following are some of the benefits that one should expect to gain when they join taekwondo classes:   Physical Fitness The following things can be achieved through training in taekwondo: 1.It helps you to get rid of bad cholesterol Bad cholesterol in our bodies is linked to a variety of diseases Health experts are not entirely sure how exercises lower the bad cholesterol in our bodies but they have a rough idea. When we lose weight, we lower the level of cholesterol in our bodies. People that are overweight have high amounts of lipoprotein which is linked to heart diseases. Taekwondo involves a lot of physical activities. It also includes lots strength training, and other exercises. This will help the body to lose a significant amount of extra weight and thus lower the bad cholesterol in the body.   2.Improve the sleep patterns Physical exercises help one to improve their quality of sleep, that is, it becomes deeper, longer and with fewer interruptions. Most people battle insomnia by getting insomnia medication. However, exercises work better because they are more natural and more effective. Taekwondo involves a lot of physical exercises which increase the heart beat and significantly wears out the body. This result in better sleep at night and one will wake up feeling fresh and revitalized in the morning.   3.It helps one to tackle obesity Rarely will you ever see an obese person in a taekwondo class. In fact, you will never see an obese person in a taekwondo class. This is because taekwondo teaches the students how to maintain their bodies by doing intense work outs. Obesity has been linked to a variety of health complications such as diabetes, cancer, strokes and cardiovascular problems.   4.Diabetes When one is overweight, their body becomes less sensitive to insulin their risk of developing diabetes. Through exercises in taekwondo, a person is able to prevent the onset of diabetes or avoid its development all together.   5.It helps with balance In taekwondo training, the students are taught all about how to maintain their posture and improve on their stance. This is all in an effort to improve their balance. As we age, we tend to lose our balance easily. The risk of falling over and injuring ourselves is quite high. Through taekwondo training, we will be able to improve our balance even as we advance in age.   6.Improves bone strength As women age, their bones become brittle and weak. Some men also experience this problem. Vigorous exercises such as those found in taekwondo can help to improve bone density. Health experts believe that you can increase your bone density by doing exercises. Strength training, which is mostly incorporated into taekwondo, is a good way for older people to improve the density of their muscles. People who suffer from low bone density can also benefit from balance and posture exercises.   7.Improves the immune system Exercises have been known to boost the body's immunity by up to ten times thus helping to fight off diseases. The body is able to fight off simple viruses and bacteria which are known to cause colds, flues, coughs, etc. Exercise also helps to keep diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis and heart diseases at bay. Other health complications such as asthma also seem to improve when one participates in exercise programs. It improves blood circulation in the body and this helps to get rid of toxins in the body while at the same time increasing the level of anti bodies and white blood cells.   8.Helps to keep depression at the bay Taekwondo is an activity that helps practitioners to channel all their negative energy in a positive way. Therefore if one is stressed or depressed, they can be able to deal with it by engaging in the art. The physical exercises that are involved help to slow down the release of the stress causing hormone while encouraging the body to release endorphins. Endorphins are known to reduce pain while improving a person's mood.   9.It helps to improve stamina and endurance Sometimes our bodies feel worn out from doing basic day to day activities. However, through the training offered in taekwondo, our energy levels rise significantly and we are able to do tons of activities without feeling tired. In addition, you will no longer wake up tired and cranky.   10.Improves flexibility Taekwondo is not just a physical activity that specializes in strength training only. It also includes a variety of stretching exercises specifically meant to improve flexibility. Those that practice the art can still touch their toes even at 70 years of age. PREVIOUS PAGE  |  NEXT PAGE

The philosophy of taekwondo is summarized and derived from the five tenets discussed previously. The good thing with the philosophy of taekwondo is that they are not just things that students learn and memorize from books. It is something that they can apply to their everyday lives. The philosophy of taekwondo was developed so as to build a world that was more peaceful. In order to accomplish this goal, it began building a foundation in the students.                                Taekwondo is an art that strives to build personality, character and ethical traits in the practitioners. When each students is able to build these traits in themselves the goal of establishing a more peaceful world can be achieved. The principles, ethics and personality traits learned by the student can be passed on to others outside of the dojang. The philosophy of taekwondo was built on a foundation of good citizenship by incorporating the Hwarang codes of honor. Practitioners in taekwondo today also strive for the same ideals of ancient taekwondo. Students develop indomitable spirit, and achieve harmony of the mind and body through rigorous training.   Most people value the ability to perform technique and polish up on skills as the ultimate goal of taekwondo. However, taekwondo focuses on preserving energy instead of channelling it to destroy things and cave in fear. Instead, it advocates for self preservation and coexisting with others while preserving the environment.  PREVIOUS PAGE  |  NEXT PAGE

1.They should bow when leaving or entering the dojang. Bowing upon entry and exit of the dojang by students is a sign of great respect to the training place. They are expected to bow while facing the centre of the room. When club and national flags are displayed, they should bow while facing them.   2.They should bow when greeting instructors and students in the dojang. Bowing is a sign of respect and is not only limited to bowing to the dojang; students are expected to bow when greeting other people in the dojang. When greeting a senior, the junior must bow down first. The senior instructor or student should return the greeting by bowing back. When greeting a group of senior students or instructors, the junior should bow towards the centre of the group. Bowing to senior students shows that they are respected for the trials and efforts that they went through in order to attain their current position. During ancient training, the routines were rigorous and the fact that they were able to pull through the trainings was a sign of resilience and dedication. These are qualities that new students hope to mirror during their time. Senior students are also expected to help the new students to improve on their skills. With time, the seniority of the position held by senior students has become respected and etched into the dojang etiquette.                                 3.Stance and posture It is considered to be a sign of disrespect when students stand in the dojang with hands on the hips or with their arms crossed. Body language is very important in the dojang; it should portray respect to the training area and to the instructor. When arms are crossed, it indicates that the student is being confrontational or they are disinterested in the training. In the traditional era, standing in such a manner was a way for the students to show the instructor that they had contempt for him. This meant that the students felt they were more superior to the instructor and did not want to continue training.   4.Etiquette and manners Students in the dojang are expected to behave accordingly. They should show restraint and be polite to others. Attendance of the training shows that the students are eager to learn and experience Hwa Rang Do. They should also come to class wearing the proper gear and uniform. Taekwondo should be an art that portrays neatness and cleanliness. The students are therefore expected to come with their uniforms properly pressed and both toe nails and finger nails well clipped. The students are also not allowed to smoke, drink or chew in the dojang. Neither should they wear jewellery or sharp things. Arriving late is a factor that will not be tolerated.   5.Enthusiasm and participation Students are expected to try out all tasks regardless of whether they view them to be difficult. The only time that a student is allowed to drop a task is when it causes physical pain or when it is too difficult. If a student experiences difficulty during a task, they should immediately alert the instructor and request for assistance without distracting the class PREVIOUS PAGE  |  NEXT PAGE

The following are some of the modern commandments that were incorporated into modern taekwondo: Incorporated the hwarang codes of honor as seen above. The Hwarang codes gave rise to the five tenets of taekwondo.   1.Courtesy (Ye Ui) In every dojang, courtesy is a must. Students are required to bow when entering and leaving the studio as a sign of respect to where they train. The students should also bow to other students and instructors when they greet them. It is also seen as basic courtesy to let other students speak and not to interrupt them. The main aim of this tenet is to get students to respect other people even though they do not get the same respect from them.   2.Integrity (Yom chi) Integrity in taekwondo involves the students choosing to do the right thing. For instance if they find that another student is unable to improve on their moves, they should take time and help them out. Integrity also dictates that you do not steal students away from other studios. This integrity trait extends into the lives of students outside of the dojang because they remain considerate and honest with their co-workers, friends and family.                               3.Perseverance (In Nae) Anyone who has ever attended a taekwondo class knows how difficult and frustrating it can be. This is because it involves a lot of physical activity such as pushups, kicking, strength training, etc. There are many patterns and techniques to practice and most of them are not easy to master. The student may endure frustration simply because they do not seem to be getting a certain pattern right. Taekwondo teaches perseverance and encourages students to overcome their frustrations. If a student can persevere and get a black belt, then they can get through anything in life.   4.Self control (Guk ki) Taekwondo teaches students how to control their punches and kicks so that they do not harm their opponents. Similarly, it teaches students self defense. The kicks and punches learnt should not be used on other people as a means to attack them. Students also learn how to diffuse a verbal attack and prevent it from blowing up into a fight. They learn when to hold back and when to defend themselves.   5.Indomitable spirit (Baekjool Boolgool) No matter how difficult a task is students are taught to never give up. For instance, students are asked to break through stacks of blocks as a way for them to develop indomitable spirits. This principle helps them in real life situations such as aiming to get a job or a promotion or succeed in rekindling lost friendships and relationships. The indomitable spirit never gives up and tries over and over until it can achieve what it wants. PREVIOUS PAGE  |   NEXT PAGE

In all martial arts, ethics is of great importance and taekwondo is no exception. When it comes to ethics, only one thing is clear; it differentiates between what is wrong and right. Taekwondo is often seen as an aggressive sport but this does not translate to the practitioners being aggressive in real life. The main reason as to why protection is incorporated into taekwondo training is because no one wants to get hurt and no one wants to hurt the other person. This portrays taekwondo as being a sport that encourages safety and does not focus on being destructive. Taekwondo students can improve their physical and mental well being through training. A true taekwondo student will know how to behave not only in the taekwondo class but also in real life situations. They are able to achieve proper balance between good and evil.   What Is The HwaRang Code Of Honor? In Korean martial arts history, the hwarang warriors played a major role. They were responsible for developing hand to hand fighting techniques in the seventh century. The warriors lived by certain codes of honor. The following are the codes of honor that they lived by: The commandments are used by students as grounds for moral development. Students who do not understand the true meaning of the codes will never master the true art of taekwondo.                               PREVIOUS PAGE  |   NEXT PAGE